Neuroinflammation accompanies essentially all forms of central nervous system (CNS) insults. It can vary from acute reversable molecular changes aimed at preserving or restoring health and homeostasis, to chronic perturbations that contribute to disease progression. Much remains to be learned about the multicellular and multimolecular interactions that underlie different forms of neuroinflammation in different CNS disorders, and how these interactions might be beneficially modulated to improve outcomes. This Keystone Symposia conference on Neuroinflammation in Health and Disease will examine how inflammation in the CNS across different contexts is manifest in healthy and diseased states. The program explores multiple facets of neuroimmune pathways including genetic risk factors, evolutionary origins and the roles of specific cell types in CNS immune response. It also includes recent insights into neuroinflammation in response to viruses, in the context of the microbiome and aspects of autoimmunity. The speakers will present data that span cellular, broader CNS and organismal behavioral effects of neuroinflammation. This meeting is being held jointly with another Keystone Symposia conference on Neurodegeneration: From Neurocentric to System-Wide Perspectives, which provides a focused opportunity to explore how neuroinflammation connects with neurodegenerative disease biology. Through shared keynote and joint scientific sessions, meals and poster sessions, participants will have an opportunity to network and share cross-disciplinary insights, encouraging innovative collaborations towards a deeper understanding of neurodegenerative disease and neuroimmune interactions, and the pathways that interconnect them.